Amazing Grace Essay - 795 Words

Using the themes we have examined in this course discuss the situation of the children in Jonathan Kozols Amazing Grace. Who defines them as other? How? What makes them feel like nobodies? What makes them feel like somebodies? What is the role of religion in this daily struggle for human dignity? Drugs, violence, prostitution, pollution, infestation, and sickness of all kinds are present in South Bronx, New York. Unfortunately, children are surrounded and involved in all these problems and more. In Jonathan Kozol’s novel Amazing Grace, an evil reality full of racial segregation and alienation affect the people living in the ghetto. The personalities of these children are changed forever due to the existence of†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the children feel like they are nobodies because of their segregation from the rest of society. â€Å"It’s skin colour and it’s being poor. This is something more than disrespect. It’s as if they wish you did not exist so they would not have to be bothered.† (Kozol, 41) Strong feelings of rejection make these children believe they are segregated nobodies. The segregation and hatred changes the personalities of the children. In order for the children to remain rational while growing up , they look to their faith. Most children have witnessed so much injustices that they can only turn to religion as a source of comfort and strength to live on. Even racial segregation is present in the churches where people pray for better times. The children pray for the safety of their loved ones and hope that they will live in heaven after death. They believe that God is out there to hear their prayers. â€Å"God hears. He sit up high and look low, even here.† (Kozol, 203) This statement reveals that even though the rest of society may not hear the desperate cries of the people living in the Bronx, but God does. Therefore the people still have hope and struggle to survive. Adolescents think about heaven because death occurs frequently in the Bronx. Everyday the children pray for their protection and well-being. â€Å"God bless Mommy. God bless Nanny. God, don’tShow MoreRelatedEssay on Amazing Grace1770 Words   |  8 Pages Jonathan Kozols Amazing Grace is a book about the trials and tribulations of everyday life for a group of children who live in the poorest congressional district of the United States, the South Bronx. Their lives may seem extraordinary to us, but to them, they are just as normal as everyone else. What is normal? For the children of the South Bronx, living with the pollution, the sickness, the drugs, and the violence is the only way of life many of them have ever known. In this book, theRead MoreEssay on The Analysis – Amazing Grace747 Words   |  3 PagesThe Analysis – Amazing Grace Kiel Carino ENG 125 Professor Olabisi Adenekan October 29, 2012 The Analysis – Amazing Grace The poetry â€Å"Amazing Grace† by John Newton is one of the most famous poems ever written and composed. â€Å"Amazing Grace† has been particularly influential and has affected lives since it was written. The reasons why â€Å"Amazing Grace† is influential are for the same reasons why I found this poem very interesting and engagingRead MoreAmazing Grace by Jonathan Kozol690 Words   |  3 PagesAt first glance and after reading through Amazing Grace, it seems that Jonathan Kozol is going to take us on a journey through the lives of the underprivileged, but similar to the ones you read about, or hear in the news. However, this is not the case; the real underlying theme seems to be how the life and society they live in is very alike to a life in a prison, not because it talks explicitly about prison conditions in this area, but also because their lives are portrayed as being a prison. KozolRead MoreThe Song Of Amazing Grace By John Newton764 Words   |  4 P ages Amazing Grace is one of the most popular hymnals in history. This song was written over one hundred years ago by John Newton. It was created because of John discovering the beauty of God’s grace and why it is important. It was John’s testimony in form of a song however, many of us may be unaware of how John came up with the words to describe such God’s gift. John Newton was once a captain of a slave ship â€Å"One night while aboard a ship called â€Å"The Greyhound† he became face to face with a viciousRead MoreAmazing Grace by Jonathan Kozol Essay788 Words   |  4 Pages Jonathan Kozols book, Amazing Grace, analyzes the lives of the people living in the dilapidated district of South Bronx, New York. Kozol spends time touring the streets with children, talking to parents, and discussing the appalling living conditions and safety concerns that plague the residents in the inner cities of New York. In great detail, he describes the harsh lifestyles that the poverty stricken families are forced into; day in and day out. Disease, hunger, crime, and drugs are of theRead MoreJonathan Kozols Amazing Grace Essay852 Words   |  4 Pagesor are glad to be separated from them. Such is the problem in New York City today and in Mott Haven in Jonathan Kozols Amazing Grace. I have lived in New York City all my life and I had no idea that these problems were going on so close to home. If I live about three miles away from Mott Haven and I am not aware of the situation there, then who is? Chapter 1 of Amazing Grace opens with a startling fact. It tells the reader that when one boards the Number 6 train from Manhattan to the South BronxRead MoreView Of Justice Reflected By Amazing Grace Essay1998 Words   |  8 PagesJustice Reflected in Amazing Grace In the Republic, Socrates starts the discussion with the definition of justice. When Thrasymachus angrily interrupts and gives his own definition, he in fact takes an opposite view on justice and argues that injustice is more advantageous and profitable. Glaucon and Adiemantus further develop Thrasymachus’ view with a theory of the nature and the origins of justice and claim that justice is desired only for the sake of rewards. In Amazing Grace, injustice happensRead MoreEssay about Jonathan Kozols Amazing Grace 1553 Words   |  7 PagesJonathan Kozols Amazing Grace  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      While reading Amazing Grace, one is unable to escape the seemingly endless tales of hardship and pain. The setting behind this gripping story is the South Bronx of New York City, with the main focus on the Mott Haven housing project and its surrounding neighborhood. Here black and Hispanic families try to cope with the disparity that surrounds them. Mott Haven is a place where children must place in the hallways of the building, because playing outsideRead MoreWhats so Amazing About Grace Book Report Essay741 Words   |  3 PagesCameron Peterson Mr. Oswald Romans Period 4 11 January 2012 What’s So Amazing about Grace? Book Report What’s So Amazing about Grace? is a book written by Philip Yancey. It begins with a twisted story of a prostitute living on the streets. She is unable to feed her two-year old child and has to find another way to earn money. She could not think of any other alternatives and began selling her child out for prostitution. She could make much more money this way than she could in one night. TheRead MoreAmazing Grace865 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Amazing Grace â€Å"When people speak of great men, they think of men like Napoleon – men of violence. Rarely do they think of peaceful men. But contrast the reception they will receive when they return home from their battles. Napoleon will arrive in pomp and in power, a man who’s achieved the very summit of earthly ambition. And yet his dreams will be haunted by the oppressions of war. William Wilberforce, however, will return to his family, lay his head on his pillow and remember: the slave trade

The Executive Branch Essay - 1688 Words

The Executive Branch #65279;The executive branch of our government is like a chameleon. To a startling degree it reflects the character and personality of the President. Clark M. Clifford, 1972 Page 189. Ford was not a natural administrator, but he a was an experienced political professional. His practice was to steer clear of jurisdictional rivalries, avoid having confidants within his cabinet, have private sources of advice outside the cabinet, leave management and program implementation to the department heads,: and encourage dissent when he was making up his mind, but reserve the final decisions for himself. Page 120 Your motives will help maintain a positive outlook Your speaking style and†¦show more content†¦Page 54 Eisenhower was enormously popular with the American people from the period of his service as supreme allied commander in Europe in World War II to his death in 1969, but it was long held by students of American politics that his performance as chief executive was largely a nonperformance. It was widely assumed that the policies of the Eisenhower administration were made not by the amiable IKE but by his less-then-amiable secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, and his stony-faced White House chief of staff, Sherman Adams. Page 44 At U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, Eisenhower graduated sixty-first in a class of 164. (so you dont have to be smart to be president). Page 45 One facet of Roosevelts public leadership was his fireside chats--the low-key, almost conversational radio broadcasts through which he explained his policies. In contrast with presidents who inundate the nation with words, Roosevelt rationed his broadcasts. Page 16-17. Master of Maneuver#8212; No other president has been more politically proficient than FDR,... with a legendary political network, and charm that could melt glaciers. Page 17. (same as Clinton). Emotional Intelligence#8212; The politically gifted, emotionally challenged William Jefferson Clinton provides yet another indication of the fundamental importance of emotional intelligence in theShow MoreRelatedThe Power Of The Executive Branch1592 Words   |  7 PagesAs the President of the United States, we see him, or possibly in the future her, as the supreme or ultimate power since they are the highest on the chain. For instance, just as monarchies saw their king or queens. The power of the Executive Branch is solely invested in the President, also assumes the position as head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. Everything you hear from the President is supposed to carry a heavy weight because it is coming from a higher authority figure.Read MoreThe Executive Branch Of Government Essay1042 Words   |  5 PagesIn the United States, the executive branch of government is comprised of the President, Vice President, and the Cabinet. In addition to acting as the head of government the President acts as the Commander-in-Chief and the head of stat e. Article II of the Constitution established the general responsibilities and limits of the President. However, over time the power in the hands of the chief executive has expanded. 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The Past America and Beyond Free Essays

string(44) " first term was satisfactorily carried out\." The end of the Second World War has brought so many changes in international relations, political, economical and social changes. The most important and most influential of these is the rise of two super powers in the world: the United States of America and the USSR. The emergence of these two states has brought so many political and economic changes that became influential from the past decades until the present. We will write a custom essay sample on The Past America and Beyond or any similar topic only for you Order Now The rise of the US government into power has become massive and became the indicative factor in settling international relations. The events that took place after the Second World War created massive impact on policy formations in the international arena. The Cold War for example, has been the biggest offspring of the war. Consequently, from the Cold War emerged different political and economic changes that from the past decades until now have still served their purpose, and until this era have played as decisive factors in creating foreign and domestic policies.   For the purpose of this paper, we shall be studying events that happened in the following decades: 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The events that will be tackled are those events that tool place that have had great and influential changed in American policy, and those that are until now still prevalent in international relations. 1950: The Rise of the American Dream The years from the 1950s have highlighted the growth of the American community. Central to this interval is the modernization of the American life, the development of more modernized society, and the peak of what they called the â€Å"American dream†. During these years were the improvement in technology, infrastructures, and the rise of mass cultures. The emergence of this abrupt modernization in American society was a response to the slump that was caused by the war. This response created a boom in American economy. High consumer spending became the coping mechanism of the civilians to recover from the war, which in turn also brought in higher government spending, a booming military industrial sector, which became the offset for a prosperous economy (Leffler, 1994). The rise of this modern industry for the American society was a fulfillment for their American dream. Every society and every individual were accountable for their own changes and emancipation. Their goal was to create a society that was free, modernized, superior and on top of every nation. Moreover, this economic boom and high consumer spending brought in the development of new innovations and quality inventions that enhanced not only the purpose that it must serve, but also took note of its aesthetic factors. The rise of the automobile industry for instance is a good example of the general idea that this occurrence has made a strong impact on. The emergence of their automobile industry is a starting point and an important facet in the current economic trend that the US has subliminally inculcated towards the people around the globe. (McKinlay, 1993) This emergence has brought in the culture of planned obsolescence, which is now an important factor in the success of globalization and modernization, not only of the American society, but as well as to their allies that follow their trails. 1960: The Era for Civil Emancipation Following the modernization of the American society, was the rise of the various legal fights against racial discrimination. The postwar era created an avenue for greater equality for the black Americans. This era highlighted the establishment of various associations that fought for civil rights and equality. Further, aside from the African American rights, the Latin civil society also gained consciousness towards their own civil rights. Aside from the civil anti-segregation fight of the blacks and the latinos, their political and economic power were also empowered in the new era of southern racial relations. The rise of several personalities highlighted this fight during the era. Martin Luther King Jr., served as an influential icon in the fight for justice and equality among the blacks and the whites. And consequently, his influence became rampant that further rallies turned into crusades of trying to overpower the black discrimination. (Badger and Ward, 1996) Following the strong movements for civil rights, John Kennedy upon the start of his term as president legalized a civil rights act. The Civil Act Right of 1964 embodied provisions that prohibited any display of discrimination by race, color, religion, sex and nationality. In addition, the Voting Acts Right of 1965, which increased black voting by a large percentage. (Branch, 1988). This challenge of fighting racial discrimination during this era encouraged a lot of changes in the society, politics and economics. This era exemplified strong resistance of the blacks from further discrimination. However, even though the efforts were strong, nonetheless, the black community has never achieved full redemption against discrimination. Although in this contemporary era where there are black personalities that emerged triumphant and successful within the fields that they chose, today, discrimination against blacks is rampant and their economic conditions are never emancipated as most of the black population still lives in poverty. 1970: The Economic Turmoil and Political Deterioration The 1970’s was an advent of return to conservatism. During the administration of Richard Nixon, he administered policies that were geared towards the establishment of countering running liberal programs. In contrast to liberalist programs, he favored â€Å"income strategy† which initially encouraged individual initiative, personal freedom and lessened government bureaucracy. However, Nixon’s attempt in reversing liberal ideas became detrimental to the economy. The stagflation in the economy forced Nixon to adopt liberal remedies. This economic recession in US caused a decrease in the demand for goods, workers were laid off resulting to an increase in the unemployment rate, and manufacturers were forced to cut prices in their products and reduce wages for their workers in order to preserve profit margin.   During his first term was mostly concerned with finding solutions on how to end the Vietnam War. As a whole, his first term was satisfactorily carried out. You read "The Past America and Beyond" in category "Essay examples" And despite the economic stagflations that US experienced during his term, the American community was nonetheless contented with his regime. Despite the moral controversies and the economic downfall that US experienced during Nixon’s administration, nonetheless he still won the presidency during the next held elections. However, this triumph has caused Nixon to become complacent in running his government, and abuse of power rendered him detrimental setbacks in his governance. His second term however was battled with controversies including the Watergate scandal. He used his powers to eliminate radical counterculture – from media practitioners who criticized them to anti war activists. (Nixon Presidency). These occurrences during the era marked certain importance in the US history. The lesson of how they dealt with the Vietnam aggression is an important benchmark in their history. It has proven significant policy changes that are currently affecting how US has played with regards to foreign aggressions. 1980: New American Influx The 1980s was highlighted by international migration. At the peak of this era, America was occupied by â€Å"Americans† of international decent. A large percentage of America was occupied by Asian Americans, as well as Latinos which enlarged the foreign immigration. This influx in fact prompted the government to legislate acts that shall restrain illegal migration to control the influx of foreign nationals inside the borders of the US. The Immigration and Control Act of 1986 limited and tightened border security. However, the law also provided amnesty for immigrants who arrived earlier than 1986 and allowed them to become legal residents. (Immigration and Control Act of 1986) This event lead to the internationalization of the American community. This further opened links towards global relations, it shaped American society in such a way that they can directly create relationships amongst neighboring countries. This paved the way for an easier connection in the global world which made it easier for them to penetrate and dominate international relations. In addition, the end of the cold war became beneficial to the American community as it increased global responses in the Americanization of the world. And thus, the fall of the Soviet Union nonetheless provided a larger array of development and opportunities for political and economic domination around the globe. 1990: The New Globe 1990s was started at the height of Bill Clinton’s leadership. During his administration he focused more on domestic issues rather than following the usual internationalist trend. And during this era, America has experienced a rather powerful economic expansion, with little economic inflation. This economic rise in the country allowed them to decrease public debts and budget deficits. Clinton pushed his leadership towards the independent states of American communities. During his leadership, he passed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The organization of NAFTA linked US closer to Canada and Mexico which provided larger trade opportunities and generated greater jobs (Remarks from President Clinton†¦) These occurrences eventually lead to the strengthening of US economic and political relationship with other allies. This created a world order that is closely linked towards one another. The improved ties between countries made specific changes and opened up better opportunities for their market. The turnouts during this era were important and delicate part of the developments that the US has gone through in the following years. The end of 1990s marked the start of the Bush era which turned out to be an offset for the start of the 19th century. The series of events that took place in the 1990s are still prevalent in the contemporary times, wherein the global community that were started in this decade eventually elevated to form a stronger link in global relations. Hence, the 1990s was a starting point for the current trend of globalization. 2000 and Beyond The events that took place from the 1950s towards the 1990s proved to be benchmarks for the current international trend. The modernization in 1950s, the emancipation of civil rights in 1960s, the economic downfall of 1970s, the influx of international immigrants in the US during the 1980s, and the establishment of the new world order in the 1990s became integral to the emergence of US as they developed to become the international leader and authority based on economic, political and military supremacy. These occurrences are pillars of the economic and political activities of the current US society. The continuing influence of the US over other countries shall prove their supremacy and moral ascendancy in the international relations. The 1990s most importantly had a very distinct impact on the US development and how they were able to gain world power. Globalization as an offspring of the establishment of new world order is the most significant factor in the world domination. The US’ continuing influence in the globalized community shall always prove to be beneficial to their existence. The US policies and impositions towards their allies are so integral that these policies are geared towards further empowerment of their society.   In the future, America is still seen to post political, economic and military supremacy over other countries. Although there are current aggressions against several nations posting ideologies different from that of the Americans, still, the American prevalence is still evident and their allies have been expanding and further growing in strength in the absence of a strong contender that shall challenge their world leadership. References Badger, Tony and Ward, Brian. (1996) The Making Of Martin Luther King And The Civil Rights Movement. Washington Square: New York University. Branch, Taylor. (1988) Parting the Waters: America in the king Years, 1954-1963. New York: Simon and Schuster. Immigration and Control Act of 1986. Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http://www.oig.lsc.gov/legis/irca86.htm Leffler, Melvyn and Painter, David. Ed. (1994) Origins of the Cold War: An International History. London: Routledge. ‘Remarks of President Clinton in Signing of NAFTA† The White House: Office of Press Secretary. (14 September 1993) Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http://www.multied.com/Documents/Clinton/SigningNaFTA.html McKinlay, Alan. (1993) Strategy And The Human Resource : Ford And The Search For Competitive Advantage. Oxford: Blackwell. Nixon Presidency. Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http://nixon.archives.gov/thelife/apolitician/thepresident/index.php How to cite The Past America and Beyond, Essay examples

Research Proposal Accounting and Technology in IT

Question: Discuss about the case study Research Proposal for Accounting and Technology in IT. Answer: Introduction Accounting practices have been running for decades across companies of different sizes and nature in order to measure and manager its financial performance. It ensures that all the financial transactions in context of sales, assets, liabilities and much more follow a standard set of rules and regulations. Conn (1978) stated that accounting is similar to an information system which collects, processes and shares financial data in context of any economic entity. Though growth in information technology (IT) has ushered in many changes across industries, the impact felt across the accounting industry was much noticed. Once considered a monotonous and slow moving industry, accounting practices have undergone some dramatic changes, partially due to the sudden changes in the business ecosystem (Elliott, 1998). Exponential growth in information technology has made palpable impact on the accounting systems, therefore changing the way accounting was performed. It be noted that computers and ot her digital technologies have arguable improved the organizational productivity resulting in effective collaboration of financial information to generate authentic results. Information technology has provided various tools and techniques to identify and pursue economic and business opportunities across industries. (Ballada and Ballada, 2011). As IT has become such an integral part of organizational structure, decisions in context of the IT structure ought to be taken with due recognition to its strategic relevance. Henceforth, IT could be seen emerging as a central component of the transformed economic trade system given the progress in accounting performance (Efendi, Mulig and Smith, 2006). In a simpler form, IT has changed the concept of conventional practices of business and accounting (Hunton, 2002). The most prominent reason of easy adoption of the link between accounting and IT is the popular assumption that IT has become a foundation for accounting data and information to dra w conclusions (Granlund, 2007). Even though a lot of research has gone into traditional accounting practices, the focus now has shifted to the relation between IT and accounting systems. Though its a general observation that technology has changed the accounting processes and management decision making, there has been limited research conducted so far. It is hoped that this research would provide the much desired fodder to stimulate extensive studies to define the association between IT and accounting systems. This paper has been divided into different sections in order to attempt sequential steps to arrive at an appropriate conclusion. The first chapter would discuss the extensive academic literature in context of IT and its role in accounting or financial industry around the world. The second chapter would discuss the research methodology adopted to achieve the research objectives set. The third chapter would involve the discussion over the results found after the analysis of collected research data. The fourth chapter includes conclusion for the research conducted to establish the relation between accounting and IT. The fifth and last chapter elaborates on some recommendations made in order to improve the results of the research. Literature Review Every organization, irrespective of its nature and size, rely on accounting systems to perform its basic financial activities. Accounting in its basic form can be described as a process which involves measuring, categorizing, summarizing data in a specific manner and interpreting results to make important decisions (ICPA, 1953). With the progress made in information system, many transformations could be seen across the accounting and economic structure. Information can be defined as data which has been processed into something conclusive and usable form which has the capacity to eliminate complexity in a specific situation (Senn, 1999). However, information technology (IT) can be defined as the process which involves leveraging electronic technology to achieve the needs for vital information sought by businesses across different organizational levels. It is a lot like a computerized system which stores, processes and disseminate information (Primchard and Cole, 2006). In the early years, all basic financial calculations were done manually but it had many drawbacks with lot of time and energy consumed in complex methods. However, technology introduced some major changes in the traditional accounting systems, thereby simplifying things and improving accessibility to quality information for the organizations. It be noted that financial sector has been most radically affected by the exceptional growth witnessed in IT (Hassan, 2010). Using technology in accounting operations help organizations adopts and executes advanced technological format and assists management to make better decisions on day to day operations (Mancini, Dameri and Bonollo, 2016). There are many accounting information systems developed in order to dig out the actual relevance of the collected and stored financial data. An Accounting Information System (AIS) can be defined as information subsystem operating within an organization, and which collects information from different subsyst ems and mutually shares it with other processing subsystems in the organization (Moscove et al., 1999). It be noted that the primary function of accounting information system (AIS) involves amassing, processing, and exchanging financial data and other relevant information to the stakeholders of an organization as well as internal parties to make effective business decisions. All this perpetual growth in information technology and its impact in the accounting has allowed accountants to make use of new tools based on IT. The aspects that are possibly causing more ripples are the emergence of Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP), IT Governance, Forensic Auditing, logic management systems, cloud computing and much more. Given the complications and challenges of the advanced accounting practices, accountants ought to have technical skills apart from the accounting know how in order to understand their job. As per the the American Institute of Certified Public Accounts (AICPA), requisite knowledge, skills and competencies for an entry-level accountant job now includes wide knowledge of application and integration of IT into accounting systems and financial and managerial practices (Dillon and Kruck, 2004). The ERPs ensure that all the information is centrally located and is disseminated across different departments as and when required to make effective decisio ns for the departments. ERP stimulates positive performance as management gets a complete picture of how information is utilized for effective decision making for business to grow. As technology progresses, it has become more or less imperative that IT has become a detachable part of the accounting industry and in the years to come it is likely to introduce lot many changes. Over the years, Accounting information systems have provided the much desired assistance to businesses in order to help managers resolve problems in the financial department. The major functions of accounting information systems involve the collection, processing and utilization of the same to report on financial matters with the sole intent to take strategic decisions including price, cost and much more. The information extracted from the AIS gives regular updates about the financial events on hourly, daily and weekly basis. It in fact gives a comprehensive picture of the financial events happening during a specific time range and henceforth makes decision making lot easier. There have been many studies conducted in order to determine the impact of the AIS on organizations. The benefits include improved quality of the financial results, enhanced flexibility, effective problem solving, increased productivity, reduced cost and much more. Davis (1989) stated that technology acceptance model (TAM) has contributed to the vast volume of academic literature to improve the understanding about the extensive applications of the AIS. The author formed the TAM framework as part of the contract with IBM Canada in order to ascertain the influence of the computer-based applications in different areas such as image processing, multimedia and pen-based computer so as to draw the attention of the potential investors. The core intent of the model was to explain the behaviour expressed towards the use of computer in order to use it as accounting information systems. Though there has been initial hesitance to accept accounting information systems, eventually they came to realize the real potential and henceforth embraced the new model to extract the most out of the new technology. Also Bergeron (1995) argued over the range of factors such as individual, organizational, cultural and social which shape the behaviour of humans towards the emergence of technology in improving the fund amental accounting practices across organizations. Ever since the origin of the model, it has drawn the attention of academic researchers and other practitioners (Venkatesh, 2003). Johnston et al (2003) argued that the TAM has been elaborated on different aspects as shared by many researchers in order to grow the understanding about it and its extended opportunities for businesses to adopt. Johnson (2003) suggested that from a comprehensive look of the various studies conducted, TAM is coming out to a coveted model in this field and has come in the league of many impactful models such as ecommerce. TAM with its focus on the system design characteristics has come out with wide understanding about the usage of concepts to grasp applications of information systems and its accepted behaviour by users. Nevertheless, this model has provided the much desired motivation to dig this study further to determine legit conclusions and results about the changes observed in the behaviour of people towards the integration of technology in accounting practices. Research objectives: Research report has been formulated in order to determine the following objectives: 1. To determine the competency of technology in improving the current knowledge of accounting practices followed by companies. 2. To determine the advantages and disadvantages of technology in accounting and finance. Research Methodology Research in a basic terminology is a systematically defined process to find relevant information on a specific subject. The research methodology henceforth defines the process or method used in order to identify the hidden information. For this research, interpretive approach would be used to derive relevant conclusions. Interpretive research is different in its form that it creates distinct research design, concept, data analysis and standards of assessment (Bevir and Kedar 2008). Secondary source of information: For the research, vast pool of academic literature would be filtered in order to identify the relevant material to draw legit conclusions for the set research objectives. The secondary material includes academic journals, articles, books, websites and many other authentic source of information to study the role of information technology in accounting practices Results Based on the comprehensive secondary research, it was found that there is insufficient information in context of the influence some of the latest IT developments in the financial accounting field have made. There is arguably no doubt over the importance of IT in accounting practices but this linked has not been thoroughly researched. There are many empirical studies investigating the connection between companies performance and the inclusion of information technology and have found mixed results (Dedrick et al., 2003; Melville et al., 2004). Even there has been no direct relationship established between the amount of investment made and financial performance of an organization (Yongmei et al., 2008). Nevertheless, information technology has improved accounting practices to a great level and there has been ample evidence suggesting the same. Effective utilization of IT resources has ensured that companies manage to gain and manage competitive advantage against the rising competition f rom other companies. In fact, companies are leveraging their financial resources to upgrade to the latest technologies in order to surpass other competing firms. As many remotely performed tasks can be centralized through information technology resources, there can be lot saved in terms of accounting costs (Hurt, 1990). Nickels (2002) stated that a major proportion of companies has reported that computers have made their work easy, thereby allowing managers and other employees to generate financial results and hence make effective decisions. Information technology has introduced flexibility in accounting systems in order to ensure that variations in quantum of financial transactions will not affect the regular operations of companies, and in fact, automatic adjustments would happen. King et al. (1991) stated that IT changed book-into a more comprehensive, authentic, and well-timed process. However, IT failed to provide a more focused and tailored form of system. Carr (1987) argued t hat there are challenges when it comes to defining the requirements of systems when accounting issues grow. Also, there is lack of trained staff available to provide legit training to the staff members in many organizations. As much as it sounds feasible, integrating technology in large organizations, in specific, can be quite taxing. There are times when paid training has to be conducted to gain advance knowledge about specific accounting operations. However, it requires time and money to bridge the gap so that requisite knowledge and skills are learned to get the desired results from the accounting operations through IT software. There are reasonable challenges in terms of security in accounting operations. For instance, installing accounting software necessitates high level of security in order to eliminate any fickle possibility of fraud and embezzlement. However, virtual boundaries make it susceptible to external threat from miscreant sources. As cyber frauds are on rise, there is always a risk attached if the confidential and highly sensitive financial information is unethically accessed. Thus it has become imperative to establish trust and security across the accounting ecosystem to keep the financial system accurate. Most accounting software needs extra software to view reports in other formats such as PDF. In such case, additional cost would have to be borne out to accommodate for the inadequacies or enhanced functionalities. This creates the need to integrate internal auditors in the accounting and financial department to identify and pin down any financial data inaccuracies. In order to prevent the same, high level of accounting software have to be designed and installed to keep a close check of all the financial transactions to make wise decisions in the favor of the organization. Conclusions The impact of advanced information technologies on accounting practices in companies can be felt across all the industries. Before the emergence of this dynamic IT oriented environment, all the accounting and financial calculation was done manually. However, with the introduction of integrated systems including ERP systems and the widespread availability of Internet technology, accounting operations have transformed to a huge extent in most of the organizations around the world. Information technology is crucial in modern business practices, especially in the accounting function. There are many advantages to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of accounting systems as information technology reduces the complexities in accounting and saves lot of time in conducting normal accounting operations and increases the processing and accuracy of financial data for the organizations. It be noted that use of IT applications for accounting purpose has given a huge opportunity to organizatio ns to transform into paperless or virtual office in the years to come. Unfortunately, technology instead of becoming a an asset for accounting practices may become a liability for the organization as there are many risks involved. The more accurate and timely accounting information is provided through software can in fact put the accountability and confidentiality into jeopardy. As most of the accounting data would be stored within software, there are chances of fraudulent activities to be conducted to compromise on the sensitivity of the accounting data. As internet has become ubiquitous, financial transactions have come under scanner of unauthorized access from external sources. Despite the audit trails conducted, its very hard to determine the inappropriate financial transactions. This stimulates risk attached with leakage of accounting data and financial information in the sensitive zone. In other words, over dependency on computers and other accounting software can actually res ult in confidentiality and other fraudulent activities. Also, it would require extra funds to integrate highly secured system in the accounting practices. On the other hand, there are insufficient resources found in most of the organizations to train the staff to operating and integrate information technology systems. With complex accounting software integrated in organizations, extra investment would have to be made to deal with the rising challenges without compromising on the actual accounting functions. As technology is growing at rampant pace, it has become essential that accounting information systems are developed in order to match the rising demand for effective data and information for reaching out at tangible results to be used in business applications. Recommendations The research has given thorough review of the influence information technology has made on accounting practices across industries around the world. Though there are different sides to the inclusion of technology in accounting operations, its important to weigh the long term repercussions. However, there was decent scope to improve the results of the research as there was less time provided to conduct the research. Due to insufficient time to plan and conduct the research, many important aspects of information technology in accounting could not be thoroughly studied. Given the rate at which technology is expanding in different industrial domains, its important that extensive research is conducted in order to get an in-depth insight of the potential of IT in improving the accounting practices. References AICPA information technology center. (2009). Overview of the certified information technology professional credential. Available at: https://www.aicpa.org/Membership/Join/Pages/credentials.aspx [Accessed 15 Jul. 2016]. K. I. Dandago and A. S. Rufai, (2013). Information Technology and Accounting Information System in the Nigerian Banking Industry, Asian Economic and Financial Review, 4(5), pp.655-670. Ballada, W. and Ballada, S. (2011). 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